Rav Hirsch and Friedrich von Schiller

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samsonhirsch1

There have been “real ehrlicher Yidden” who listened to classical, folk, and other secular music forms. Or read secular poetry.

With all due respect, our medieval paytanim were awesome tzaddikim, but they were not as great writers as William Blake or Dylan Thomas or Robert Frost, and not too many frum instrumentalists compare to Leo Kottke or John Coltrane or Andres Segovia or Pablo Casals…

Says Rav Kook [Mishnato shel HaRav Kook]:

“It is a mean eye that causes one to see only ugliness and impurity in everything beyond the bounds of Israel, the unique nation. This is one of the most awful, debased forms of darkness. It damages the entire edifice of spiritual virtue, the light of which every spiritual soul seeks.”

Rav Hirsch was a big fan of the poetry of Schiller. His famous speech about the romantic poet Schiller, until now has not been translated into any language from its original German. The reason is that Hirsch’s attachment to Schiller has not been shared by more recent generations.

Here you can read pdf it and finally understand why R.Hirsch was so attached to German culture and how he could find such spiritual value in writings outside the canon of Torah literature.

Rembrandt & Rav Kook

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scan1Jewish Chronicle article pdf by Avram Melnikoff (1892-1960), a sculptor from Jerusalem who lived in London from 1933-1959. The article was written two weeks after Rav Kook’s passing and the author recounts a conversation that he had with Rav Kook, where the latter told Melnikoff:

“When I lived in London I used to visit the National Gallery, and my favourite pictures were those of Rembrandt. I really think that Rembrandt was a Tzadik. Do you know that when I first saw Rembrandt’s works, they reminded me of the legend about the creation of light? We are told that when God created light, it was so strong and pellucid, that one could see from one and of the world to the other, but God was afraid that the wicked might abuse it. What did He do? He reserved that light for the righteous when the Messiah should come. But now and then there are great men who are blessed and privilaged to see it. I think that Rembrandt was one of them, and the light in his pictures is the very light that was originally created by God Almighty.”

Melnikoff concludes that he had “read much about Rembrandt, but none gives such a vivid description of his genius… Only a man as pure of heart and soul as Rabbi Kook could have seen Rembrandt in that light.”

Sources: London Jewish Chronicle, September 13, 1935, p. 21.

La disparition des lucioles – Pasolini

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Photo : “La notte brava” (1959) de Mauro Bolognini.

Texte รฉcrit par Pasolini et originalement publiรฉ autant que “Il vuoto del potere in Italiaโ€™ dans ”Corriere della sera”, le 1 February 1975.

ยซ La distinction entre fascisme adjectif et fascisme substantif remonte ร  rien moins quโ€™au journal il Politecnico, cโ€™est-ร -dire ร  lโ€™immรฉdiat aprรจs-guerreโ€ฆ ยป Ainsi commence une intervention de Franco Fortini sur le fascisme (lโ€™Europeo, 26-12-1974) : intervention ร  laquelle, comme on dit, je souscris complรจtement et pleinement. Je ne peux pourtant pas souscrire ร  son tendancieux dรฉbut. En effet, la distinction entre ยซ fascismes ยป faite dans le Politecnico nโ€™est ni pertinente, ni actuelle. Elle pouvait encore รชtre valable jusquโ€™ร  il y a une dizaine dโ€™annรฉes : quand le rรฉgime dรฉmocrate-chrรฉtien รฉtait encore la continuation pure et simple du rรฉgime fasciste.
Mais, il y a une dizaine dโ€™annรฉes, il sโ€™est passรฉ ยซ quelque chose ยป. Quelque chose qui nโ€™existait, ni nโ€™รฉtait prรฉvisible, non seulement ร  lโ€™รฉpoque du Politecnico, mais encore un an avant que cela ne se passรขt (ou carrรฉment, comme on le verra, pendant que cela se passait).

La vraie confrontation entre les ยซ fascismes ยป ne peut donc pas รชtre ยซ chronologiquement ยป celle du fascisme fasciste avec le fascisme dรฉmocrate-chrรฉtien, mais celle du fascisme fasciste avec le fascisme radicalement, totalement et imprรฉvisiblement nouveau qui est nรฉ de ce ยซ quelque chose ยป qui sโ€™est passรฉ il y a une dizaine dโ€™annรฉes.

Puisque je suis รฉcrivain et que je polรฉmique ou, du moins, que je discute avec dโ€™autres รฉcrivains, que lโ€™on me permette de donner une dรฉfinition ร  caractรจre poรฉtico-littรฉraire de ce phรฉnomรจne qui est intervenu en Italie en ce temps-lร . Cela servira ร  simplifier et ร  abrรฉger (et probablement aussi ร  mieux comprendre) notre propos.

Au dรฉbut des annรฉes 60, ร  cause de la pollution atmosphรฉrique et, surtout, ร  la campagne, ร  cause de la pollution de lโ€™eau (fleuves dโ€™azur et canaux limpides), les lucioles ont commencรฉ ร  disparaรฎtre. Cela a รฉtรฉ un phรฉnomรจne foudroyant et fulgurant. Aprรจs quelques annรฉes, il nโ€™y avait plus de lucioles. (Aujourdโ€™hui, cโ€™est un souvenir quelque peu poignant du passรฉ : un homme de naguรจre qui a un tel souvenir ne peut se retrouver jeune dans les nouveaux jeunes, et ne peut donc plus avoir les beaux regrets dโ€™autrefois).

Ce ยซ quelque chose ยป qui est intervenu il y a une dizaine dโ€™annรฉes, nous lโ€™appellerons donc la ยซ disparition des lucioles ยป.

Le rรฉgime dรฉmocrate-chrรฉtien a connu deux phases complรจtement distinctes, qui, non seulement, ne peuvent รชtre confrontรฉes lโ€™une ร  lโ€™autre, ce qui impliquerait une certaine continuitรฉ entre elles, mais encore qui sont devenues franchement incommensurables dโ€™un point de vue historique. La premiรจre phase de ce rรฉgime (comme, ร  juste titre, les radicaux ont toujours tenu ร  lโ€™appeler) est celle qui va de la fin de la guerre ร  la disparition des lucioles, et la seconde, celle qui va de la disparition des lucioles ร  aujourdโ€™hui. Observons-les lโ€™une aprรจs lโ€™autre.

Avant la disparition des lucioles.

La continuitรฉ entre le fascisme fasciste et le fascisme dรฉmocrate-chrรฉtien est totale et absolue. Je ne parlerai pas de ceci, dont on parlait aussi ร  lโ€™รฉpoque, peut-รชtre dans le Politecnico : lโ€™รฉpuration manquรฉe, la continuitรฉ des codes, la violence policiรจre, le mรฉpris pour la constitution. Et je mโ€™arrรชte ร  ce fait qui, par la suite, a comptรฉ pour une conscience historique rรฉtrospective : la dรฉmocratie que les antifascistes dรฉmocrates-chrรฉtiens ont opposรฉe ร  la dictature fasciste รฉtait effrontรฉment formelle.

Elle se fondait sur une majoritรฉ absolue obtenue par les votes dโ€™รฉnormes strates de classes moyennes et dโ€™immenses masses paysannes, guidรฉes par le Vatican. Cette direction du Vatican nโ€™รฉtait possible que si elle se fondait sur un rรฉgime totalement rรฉpressif. Dans un tel univers, les ยซ valeurs ยป qui comptaient รฉtaient les mรชmes que pour le fascisme : lโ€™Eglise, la patrie, la famille, lโ€™obรฉissance, la discipline, lโ€™ordre, lโ€™รฉpargne, la moralitรฉ. Ces ยซ valeurs ยป (comme dโ€™ailleurs sous le fascisme) รฉtaient ยซ aussi rรฉelles ยป, cโ€™est-ร -dire quโ€™elles faisaient partie des cultures particuliรจres et concrรจtes qui constituaient lโ€™Italie archaรฏquement agricole et palรฉoindustrielle. Mais au moment oรน elles ont รฉtรฉ รฉrigรฉes en ยซ valeurs ยป nationales, elles nโ€™ont pu que perdre toute rรฉalitรฉ, pour devenir atroce, stupide et rรฉpressif conformisme dโ€™Etat : le conformisme du pouvoir fasciste et dรฉmocrate-chrรฉtien. Ne parlons pas du provincialisme, de la grossiรจretรฉ et de lโ€™ignorance des รฉlites qui, ร  un niveau diffรฉrent de celui des masses, furent les mรชmes durant le fascisme et durant la premiรจre phase du rรฉgime dรฉmocrate-chrรฉtien. Le paradigme de cette ignorance, ce furent le pragmatisme et le formalisme du Vatican.

Tout cela semble clair et incontestable aujourdโ€™hui parce que les intellectuels et les opposants dโ€™alors nourrissaient des espรฉrances insensรฉes. Ils espรฉraient que tout cela ne fรปt pas complรจtement vrai et que la dรฉmocratie formelle comptรขt au fond pour quelque chose. A prรฉsent, avant de passer avant la seconde phase, il me faut consacrer quelques lignes au moment de transition.

Pendant la disparition des lucioles.

A cette รฉpoque, la distinction entre fascisme et fascisme du Politecnico pouvait aussi sโ€™opรฉrer. En effet, aussi bien le grand pays qui รฉtait en train de se constituer dans le pays โ€“ la masse paysanne et ouvriรจre organisรฉe par le P.C.I. โ€“ que les intellectuels les plus avancรฉs et les plus critiques, ne se sont pas aperรงus que ยซ les lucioles รฉtaient en train de disparaรฎtre ยป. Ils connaissaient assez bien la sociologie (qui, dans ces annรฉes-lร , avait provoquรฉ la crise de la mรฉthode dโ€™analyse marxiste), mais cโ€™รฉtait des connaissances encore non vรฉcues, essentiellement formelles. Personne ne pouvait soupรงonner quelle serait la rรฉalitรฉ historique du futur immรฉdiat, ni identifier ce que lโ€™on appelait alors le ยซ bien-รชtre ยป avec le ยซ dรฉveloppement ยป qui devait rรฉaliser pour la premiรจre fois pleinement en Italie ce ยซ gรฉnocide ยป dont Marx parlait dans son Manifeste.

Aprรจs la disparition des lucioles.

Les ยซ valeurs ยป, nationalisรฉes et donc falsifiรฉes, du vieil univers agricole et palรฉocapitaliste dโ€™un seul coup ne comptent plus. Eglise, patrie, famille, obรฉissance, ordre, รฉpargne, moralitรฉ, ne comptent plus. Elles ne sur-vivent mรชme plus en tant que fausses valeurs. Elles sur-vivent dans le clรฉrico-fascisme รฉmargรฉ (mรชme le M.S.I. les rรฉpudie pour lโ€™essentiel). Les remplacent les ยซ valeurs ยป dโ€™un nouveau type de civilisation, complรจtement ยซ autre ยป par rapport ร  la sociรฉtรฉ paysanne et palรฉoindustrielle. Cette expรฉrience a dรฉjร  รฉtรฉ faite par dโ€™autres Etats. Mais, en Italie, elle est entiรจrement particuliรจre, parce quโ€™il sโ€™agit de la premiรจre ยซ unification ยป rรฉelle subie par notre pays, alors que dans les autres pays elle se superpose, avec une certaine logique, ร  lโ€™unification monarchique et aux unifications ultรฉrieures de la rรฉvolution bourgeoise et industrielle. Le traumatisme italien dรป au choc entre lโ€™ยซ archaรฏsme ยป pluraliste et le nivellement industriel nโ€™a peut-รชtre quโ€™un seul prรฉcรฉdent : lโ€™Allemagne dโ€™avant Hitler. Lร  aussi, les valeurs des diffรฉrentes cultures particularistes ont รฉtรฉ dรฉtruites par lโ€™homologation violente que fut lโ€™industrialisation, avec pour consรฉquence la formation de ces gigantesques masses, non plus antiques (paysannes, artisanes) et pas encore modernes (bourgeoises), qui ont constituรฉ le sauvage, lโ€™aberrant, lโ€™imprรฉvisible corps des troupes nazies.

Il se passe quelque chose de semblable en Italie, et avec une violence encore plus grande, dans la mesure oรน lโ€™industrialisation des annรฉes 60-70 constitue รฉgalement une ยซ mutation ยป dรฉcisive par rapport ร  celle de lโ€™Allemagne dโ€™il y a cinquante ans. Nous ne sommes plus, comme chacun le sait, en face de ยซ temps nouveaux ยป, mais dโ€™une รฉpoque nouvelle de lโ€™histoire humaine, de cette histoire humaine dont les cadences sont millรฉnaristes. Il รฉtait impossible que les Italiens rรฉagissent plus mal quโ€™ils ne lโ€™ont fait ร  ce traumatisme historique. Ils sont devenus (surtout dans le Centre-Sud) en quelques annรฉes un peuple dรฉgรฉnรฉrรฉ, ridicule, monstrueux, criminel โ€“ il suffit de descendre dans la rue pour le comprendre. Mais, bien entendu, pour comprendre les changements des gens, il faut les comprendre. Moi, malheureusement, je lโ€™aimais, ce peuple italien, aussi bien en dehors des schรจmes du pouvoir (au contraire, en opposition dรฉsespรฉrรฉe avec eux) quโ€™en dehors des schรจmes populistes et humanitaires. Cโ€™รฉtait un amour rรฉel, enracinรฉ dans mon caractรจre. Jโ€™ai donc vu avec ยซ mes sens ยป le comportement imposรฉ par le pouvoir de la consommation remodeler et dรฉformer la conscience du peuple italien, jusquโ€™ร  une irrรฉversible dรฉgradation ; ce qui nโ€™รฉtait pas arrivรฉ pendant le fascisme fasciste, pรฉriode au cours de laquelle le comportement รฉtait totalement dissociรฉ de la conscience. Cโ€™รฉtait en vain que le pouvoir ยซ totalitaire ยป rรฉpรฉtait et rรฉpรฉtait ses impositions de comportement : la conscience nโ€™รฉtait pas impliquรฉe. Les ยซ modรจles ยป fascistes nโ€™รฉtaient que des masques que lโ€™on mettait et enlevait tour ร  tour. Quand le fascisme fasciste est tombรฉ, tout est redevenu comme avant. On lโ€™a aussi vu au Portugal : aprรจs quarante annรฉes de fascisme, le peuple portugais a cรฉlรฉbrรฉ le 1er mai comme si le dernier qui eรปt รฉtรฉ cรฉlรฉbrรฉ avait รฉtรฉ le prรฉcรฉdent.

Il est donc ridicule que Fortini antidate la distinction entre fascisme et fascisme ร  lโ€™immรฉdiat aprรจs-guerre : la distinction entre le fascisme fasciste et le fascisme de la deuxiรจme phase du pouvoir dรฉmocrate-chrรฉtien nโ€™a aucun terme de comparaison dans notre histoire ; non seulement dans notre histoire, mais aussi probablement dans toute lโ€™histoire.

Mais je nโ€™รฉcris pas uniquement le prรฉsent article pour polรฉmiquer ร  ce propos, mรชme sโ€™il me tient beaucoup ร  coeur ; je lโ€™รฉcris, en rรฉalitรฉ, pour une raison trรจs diffรฉrente. La voici :

Tous mes lecteurs se seront certainement aperรงu du changement des dignitaires dรฉmocrates-chrรฉtiens : en quelques mois, ils sont devenus des masques funรจbres. Cโ€™est vrai, ils continuent ร  รฉtaler des sourires radieux dโ€™une sincรฉritรฉ incroyable. Dans leurs pupilles se grumรจle un vrai, un bรฉat รฉclat de bonne humeur, quand ce nโ€™est pas celui, goguenard, du mot dโ€™esprit et de la rouerie. Ce qui, semble-t-il, plaรฎt autant aux รฉlecteurs que le vrai bonheur. En outre, nos dignitaires continuent imperturbablement dโ€™รฉmettre leurs verbiages incomprรฉhensibles oรน flottent les flatus vocis de leurs habituelles promesses stรฉrรฉotypรฉes.

En rรฉalitรฉ, toutes ces choses sont bel et bien des masques. Je suis certain que, si on les enlevait, on ne trouverait mรชme pas un tas dโ€™os ou de cendres : ce serait le rien, le vide.
Lโ€™explication est simple : il y a, en rรฉalitรฉ, aujourdโ€™hui en Italie un dramatique vide du pouvoir. Mais cโ€™est ceci qui compte : pas un vide du pouvoir lรฉgislatif ou exรฉcutif, pas un vide du pouvoir de direction, ni, enfin, un vide du pouvoir politique dans nโ€™importe quel sens traditionnel ; un vide du pouvoir en soi.
Comment en sommes-nous arrivรฉs ร  ce vide ? Ou, mieux, ยซ comment les hommes du pouvoir en sont-ils arrivรฉs lร  ยป ?

Lโ€™explication est, encore une fois, simple : les hommes du pouvoir dรฉmocrate-chrรฉtien sont passรฉs de la ยซ phase des lucioles ยป ร  celle de la ยซ disparition des lucioles ยป sans sโ€™en rendre compte. Pour aussi quasiment criminel que cela puisse paraรฎtre, leur inconscience a รฉtรฉ sur ce point absolue : ils nโ€™ont en rien soupรงonnรฉ que le pouvoir, quโ€™ils dรฉtenaient et gรฉraient, ne suivait pas simplement une ยซ รฉvolution ยป normale, mais quโ€™il รฉtait en train de changer radicalement de nature.

Ils se sont leurrรฉs ร  lโ€™idรฉe que, dans leur rรฉgime, rien nโ€™รฉvoluerait vรฉritablement, que, par exemple, ils pourraient compter ร  jamais sur le Vatican, sans se rendre compte que le pouvoir, quโ€™eux-mรชmes continuaient ร  dรฉtenir et ร  gรฉrer, ne savait plus que faire du Vatican, ce foyer de vie paysanne, rรฉtrograde, pauvre. Ils ont eu lโ€™illusion de pouvoir compter ร  jamais sur une armรฉe nationaliste (exactement comme leurs prรฉdรฉcesseurs fascistes) : ils nโ€™ont pas vu que le pouvoir, quโ€™eux-mรชmes continuaient ร  dรฉtenir et ร  gรฉrer, manoeuvrait dรฉjร  pour jeter les bases dโ€™armรฉes nouvelles transnationales, presque des polices technocratiques. Et lโ€™on peut dire la mรชme chose pour la famille, contrainte, sans solution de continuitรฉ avec le temps du fascisme, ร  lโ€™รฉpargne et ร  la moralitรฉ : aujourdโ€™hui, le pouvoir de la consommation lui a imposรฉ des changements radicaux, jusquโ€™ร  lโ€™acceptation du divorce et ร  prรฉsent, potentiellement, tout le reste sans limites (ou du moins dans les limites autorisรฉes par la permissivitรฉ du nouveau pouvoir, qui est plus que totalitaire puisquโ€™il est violemment totalisant).

Les hommes du pouvoir dรฉmocrate-chrรฉtien ont subi tout cela, alors quโ€™ils croyaient lโ€™administrer. Ils ne se sont pas aperรงus quโ€™il sโ€™agissait dโ€™ ยซ autre chose ยป dโ€™incommensurable non seulement avec eux mais encore avec toute forme de civilisation. Comme toujours (cf. Gramsci), il nโ€™y a eu de symptรดmes que dans le langage. Pendant la phase de transition โ€“ ร  savoir ยซ durant la disparition des lucioles ยป โ€“ les hommes du pouvoir dรฉmocrate-chrรฉtien ont presque brusquement changรฉ leur faรงon de sโ€™exprimer, en adoptant un langage complรจtement nouveau (du reste aussi incomprรฉhensible que le latin) : spรฉcialement Aldo Moro โ€“ cโ€™est-ร -dire (par une รฉnigmatique corrรฉlation) celui qui apparaรฎt comme le moins impliquรฉ de tous dans les actes horribles organisรฉs de 1969 ร  aujourdโ€™hui dans le but, jusquโ€™ร  prรฉsent formellement atteint, de conserver ร  tout prix le pouvoir.

Je dis ยซ formellement ยป parce que, je le rรฉpรจte, dans la rรฉalitรฉ, les dignitaires dรฉmocrates-chrรฉtiens, avec leurs dรฉmarches dโ€™automates et leurs sourires, cachent le vide. Le pouvoir rรฉel agit sans eux et ils nโ€™ont entre les mains quโ€™un appareil inutile, qui ne laisse plus de rรฉels en eux que leurs mornes complets vestons.

Toutefois, dans lโ€™histoire, le ยซ vide ยป ne peut demeurer ; on ne peut lโ€™affirmer que dans lโ€™abstrait ou dans un raisonnement par lโ€™absurde. Il est probable quโ€™en effet le ยซ vide ยป dont je parle soit dรฉjร  en train de se remplir, ร  travers une crise et un redressement qui ne peuvent pas ne pas ravager tout le pays. Lโ€™attente ยซ morbide ยป dโ€™un coup dโ€™Etat en est, par exemple, un indice. Comme sโ€™il sโ€™agissait seulement de ยซ remplacer ยป le groupe dโ€™hommes qui nous a effroyablement gouvernรฉs pendant trente ans, en menant lโ€™Italie au dรฉsastre รฉconomique, รฉcologique, urbaniste, anthropologique ! En rรฉalitรฉ, le faux remplacement de ces ยซ tรชtes de bois ยป par dโ€™autres ยซ tรชtes de bois ยป (non pas moins, mais encore plus funรจbrement carnavalesques), rรฉalisรฉ par le renforcement artificiel du vieil appareil du pouvoir fasciste, ne servirait ร  rien (et quโ€™il soit clair que, dans un tel cas, la ยซ troupe ยป serait, de par sa composition mรชme, nazie). Le pouvoir rรฉel, que depuis une dizaine dโ€™annรฉes les ยซ tรชtes de bois ยป ont servi sans se rendre compte de sa rรฉalitรฉ โ€“ voilร  quelque chose qui pourrait avoir dรฉjร  rempli le ยซ vide ยป (en rendant รฉgalement vaine la participation possible au gouvernement du grand pays communiste qui est nรฉ au cours de la dรฉgradation de lโ€™Italie : car il ne sโ€™agit pas de ยซ gouverner ยป). De ce ยซ pouvoir rรฉel ยป, nous nous faisons des images abstraites et, au fond, apocalyptiques : nous ne savons pas quelles formes il prendrait pour directement remplacer les serviteurs qui lโ€™ont pris pour une simple ยซ modernisation ยป de techniques. De toute maniรจre, en ce qui me concerne (si cela peut intรฉresser le lecteur), que ceci soit net : je donnerai toute la Montedison, encore que ce soit une multinationale, pour une luciole.

Where have all the Fireflies Gone ?

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Picture from : Mauro Bolognini: “La notte brava” (1959)

This text was written by Pier Paolo Pasolini and originally published as โ€˜Il vuoto del potere in Italiaโ€™ (The Power Void in Italy) in โ€˜Corriere della seraโ€™, 1 February 1975. Translated by Christopher Mott.

โ€œThe distinction between adjective and substantive fascism goes back to nothing less than the newspaper il Politecnico, in other words, directly after the warโ€. Thus begins Franco Fortiniโ€™s work on fascism (lโ€™Europeo, 26-12-1974), a writing based on principles that I fully and completely subscribe to. I cannot, however, agree with his tendentious beginning. Indeed, the distinction between the โ€œfascismsโ€ made in il Politecnico is neither pertinent nor current. It was still valid up until some ten years ago, when the Christian-Democrat regime was the pure and simple extension of the fascist regime.

However, ten or so years ago, an โ€œeventโ€ occurred. It was something that did not exist, nor was it foreseeable, not only in the Politecnico era, but even up to a year before the thing happened, or in fact, as we shall see, while the thing was happening.

The true confrontation between the two fascisms cannot therefore chronologically be the fascist fascism in the form of Christian-Democrat fascism, but the confrontation between fascist fascism with a fascism that was born of this event, a totally, radically and unforeseeably new type of fascism that occurred some ten years ago.

Since I am a writer and I get involved in controversy, or at least in discussions with other writers, allow me to provide a poetic-literary definition of this phenomena that occurred in Italy during that time. This will serve to simplify and shorten our sunject, and probably to better understand it.

At the beginning of the sixties, the fireflies began to disappear in our nation, due to pollution of the air, and the azure rivers and limpid canals, above all in the countryside. This was a stunning and searing phenomena. There were no fireflies left after a few years. Today this is a somewhat poignant recollection of the pastโ€”a man of that time with such a souvenir cannot be young among the young of today and can therefore not have the wonderful regrets of those times.

The event that occurred some ten years ago we shall now call the โ€œdisappearance of the firefliesโ€.

The Christian-Democrat regime passed through two completely different phases that not only cannot be set off against each otherโ€”which would imply a certain degree of continuity between themโ€”but which also have become flatly immeasurable, from an historic viewpoint.

The first phase of this regime, which the radicals have always rightly called it, is the phase beginning with the end of the war and extending to the extinction of the fireflies. The second goes from the extinction of the fireflies to the present day. We shall discuss them in order.

Before the extinction of the fireflies.
Christian-Democrat fascism is a total and absolute extension of fascist fascism. I will not deal with certain subjects which were discussed at the time, perhaps in Politecnico. They include the lost opportunity for purification, the continuation of the codes [1], police brutality and disregard for the constitution. In addition, I will stop at that event that subsequently passed for a retrospective historical conscience, which was that the democracy that anti-fascist Christian-Democrats put forth in opposition to the fascist dictatorship was unabashedly categorical.

It was based on an absolute majority of votes obtained from wide strata of the middle classes and huge masses of the peasantry, oriented by the Vatican. This participation by the Vatican could only be possible if it was based on a totally repressive regime. In this type of world, the โ€œvaluesโ€ that counted were those upheld by fascism, meaning Church, family, country, obedience, discipline, order, saving and morality. These values, as under fascism, were โ€œgenuineโ€, in other words they formed part of the specific and concrete cultures that were the basis of the ancient agricultural and palaeo-industrial traditions in Italy. However, from the moment they were elevated to the status of national โ€œvaluesโ€, they lost all reality, becoming atrocious, stupid and repressive State conformity characteristics, the conformity of fascist and Christian-Democrat power. We are not speaking of provincialism, of the vulgarity and ignorance of the รฉlites [2] who, on a level different from the masses, were the same throughout fascism and the initial phase of the Christian-Democrat regime. The paradigm of this ignorance was the pragmatism and the formalism of the Vatican.

All this seems clear and uncontestable today because intellectuals and the opposition of the period cherished ridiculous illusions. They hoped that all that they were seeing was not completely true and that true democracy really counted for something.

Before moving to the second phase, I must devote a paragraph to the transition.

While the fireflies were disappearing.
During this period, the distinction between fascism and the Politecnico fascism was still in effect. Neither the large country that was forming within the nation, that is, the peasant and working class masses being organized by the PCI (Italian Communist Party) nor the most advanced and critical intellectuals saw that the fireflies were becoming extinct. They understood sociology quite wellโ€”which during those years had caused a crisis in the Marxist analytical methodโ€”but their understanding was not yet tested by life experience and was essentially theoretical. No one could perceive what historical reality concerning the immediate future was evolving, nor link what was then called well-being with the development concept which was to bring about for the first time fully in Italy the โ€˜genocideโ€™ described by Marx in his Manifesto.

After the extinction of the fireflies.
The nationalized and therefore falsified โ€œvaluesโ€ of the old agricultural-based and palaeo-capitalistic world suddenly were no longer important. Church, country, family, obedience, order, savings, morality, none of it was important any more. They didnโ€™t even survive in the form of false values. They remained within the reduced clerical-fascism order and even the M.S.I. repudiated them. โ€œValuesโ€ for a new type of civilization replaced them, which were completely apart from the peasant and palaeo-industrial society. This phenomena had already been experienced by other countries. However, in Italy, it was completely unique because it involved the first true unification of our country. In other countries this unification was superimposed logically over monarchic or bourgeois and industrial revolution-imposed unifications. Perhaps the only precedent to the Italian trauma produced by the clash between pluralist archaism and industrial equalization was pre-Hitler Germany. In that country also, the values of different specific cultures were destroyed by the violent recognition process of industrialization, with the consequence of producing those gigantic hordes who had neither the ancient peasant or artisan roots or not even a modern bourgeois background, and who made up the savage, abnormal and unpredictable bodies of Nazi troops.

Something similar is now occurring in Italy, with even greater violence in that the industrialization of the sixties and seventies was also a decisive mutation compared to that in Germany fifty years ago. As we all know, we are not now facing a new age, but rather a new era of human history, with human history seen in periods of one thousand years. The Italian people could not have behaved worse than they did in confronting this historic trauma. Over a period of several years they have become, especially in the Center-South, a degenerate, ridiculous, monstrous and criminal population โ€“ one need only go into the street to understand this. Of course, in order to understand the changes in people, you have understand the people themselves. To my detriment, I liked them, the Italian population, both outside of the power systemsโ€”in fact in desperate opposition to themโ€”and outside of populist and humanitarian systems. I felt real love for them, rooted in my personality. I could see with my โ€œsensesโ€ how the power of a consumption-based society modeled and deformed the conscience of the Italian people, finally arriving at an irreversible degradation. This was something that did not occur in the fascist fascism period, during which individual behavior was totally disassociated from the conscience. The totalitarian power repeated incessantly its injunctions on behavior modification in vain, since the conscience no longer entered into play. The fascist models were only masks that were donned and removed in turn. When the fascist fascism movement fell, everything returned to its previous order. This occurred also in Portugal. After forty years of fascism, the Portuguese celebrate D the 1st of May as if the last one celebrated was the preceding one.

As such it is ridiculous for Fortini to backdate the distinction between fascism and the fascism prevalent to directly after the war. The distinction between fascist fascism and the fascism of the second phase of the Christian-Democrat regime has no grounds for comparison in our history, and not only in our history but probably in all history.

I do not write this article to debate this subject, even though it is one very near to me. I write for a very different reason, which I will now outline.

All my readers will certainly have observed change in Christian-Democrat officials. Over several months they have become funereal. It is true that they continue to dispense radiant smiles of an incredible sincerity. Their eyes exude an honest, blissful spark of good will, when they arenโ€™t betraying a mocking, spirited cunning. This, apparently, pleases voters as much as genuine good will. Furthermore, our officials continue imperturbably to release incomprehensible verbiage into the atmosphere, or float the flatus vocis of their habitual stereotyped promises.

In reality, all these things actually are masks. I am sure that, if they were removed we wouldnโ€™t even see a heap of bones and ashes. There would be nothing, just emptiness. The reason for this is simple because in Italy today, there is a dramatic power void. However, the important thing is that the void is not of a legislative or executive nature, it is not a void in the power of governing or even in political power of any traditional description. It is a power void in itself.

How did this void come about? Or rather, โ€œHow is it that the people in power came to this?โ€

The explanation for this is also simple. The Christian-Democrat power base went from the โ€œfirefliesโ€ stage to the โ€œfireflies extinctionโ€ phaseโ€ without realizing it. However quasi-criminal this may appear, their unconsciousness in this matter was based on one absolute issue, which was that they had no inkling that the power that they held and exercised did not follow a normal pattern of evolution but rather was undergoing a radical change of form.

They were deceived into thinking that in their regime nothing would really changed and that, for example, they would always be able to rely on the Vaticanโ€™s support. They didnโ€™t realize that the power they continued to exercise had no further use for the Vatican, which was a center of the poor, backward peasantry. They had the illusion that they would always be able to count on a nationalist army, just as their fascist predecessors did. They did not see that the power that they continued to exercise was already maneuvering to establish the basis for new transnational armies, almost like a technocratic police force. The same can be said with regard to the family, which was relegated to saving and upholding morality and which had no means of maintaining these traditions during the transition from fascism. Today the power of the consumer society has imposed radical changes on this institution, with the acceptance of divorce and now potentially anything else without limit, or at least within the limits allowed by the the permissiveness of the new power scheme, which is more totalitarian because it is violently aggregate.

Christian-Democrat politicians accepted all this, all the while believing that they were administrating it. They did not realize that it amounted to โ€œsomething elseโ€ that was not only immeasurable with respect to themselves but also with all forms of civilization. As always (see. Gramsci), the only symptoms of this occurred in language. During the transition phase โ€“ meaning, the โ€œextinction of the firefliesโ€ โ€“ Christian-Democrat rulers changed their way of communicating almost abruptly, adopting a completely new language that was as incomprehensible as Latin. This was especially true of Aldo Moro. Through a puzzling correlation, the one who seems to be the least involved of all in the horrible acts perpetuated between 1969 to the present, whose purpose was to retain power at all costs. Up to now, this goal has been formally achieved.

I say โ€˜formallyโ€™ because, and I repeat, in reality, Christian-Democrat officials are keeping the void hidden behind their smiles and automated movements. The real power works without them and they hold in their hands only a useless apparatus. The only real thing about them are their mournful three-piece suits.

Nonetheless, in history the void cannot remain in existence. The only way to assert it is in the abstract or reasoning on the basis of absurdity. It is likely that the void that I speak of is already being filled by a crisis or an event that cannot avoid ravaging the entire country. The morbid expectation of a coup dโ€™รฉtat is a hint of this. As if it amounted only to replacing a group of people that have governed us terribly for thirty years, bringing Italy to economic, ecological, urban and anthropological disaster! In reality, the false replacement of these โ€œpig-headed peopleโ€ by other โ€œpig-headed peopleโ€โ€”who will be not less, but more lugubriously carnavalesqueโ€”brought on by the artificial reinforcement of the old fascist apparatus, would do nothing. Should this occur, it is clear that the โ€œtroupeโ€ would be Nazi, virtually be its composition. The real power, which for ten years the โ€œpig-headed peopleโ€ have exercised without comprehending reality, that is something that could already have filled the void. This would also render useless the possible participation in the government of the greater communist country that evolved during the degradation of Italy, because it is not a question of governing. We formulate abstract images of this real power, which are basically apocalyptic. We have no idea what form it would take in directly replacing those who used it and took it for a simple modernization of techniques. At any rate, as for me, should that interest the reader, let it be clearly understood. I would give the entire Montedison, even though it be a multinational company, for a firefly.

ื”ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ืกื˜ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ

toujours-courir

Rise like lions after slumber

In unvanquishable number

Shake your chains to earth like dew

Which in sleep has fallen on you

Ye are many โ€“ they are few

(ื–ื”ื• ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื•ื ื•ืœื•ื’ ืืจื•ืš ืฉื ื•ืฉืืช ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื”, ืฉืื‘ื™ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ืืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื. ืืช ื”ืคื•ืืžื” ืฉื ืงืจืืช ืžืกื™ื›ืช ื”ืื ืจื›ื™ื” ื›ืชื‘ ืคืจืกื™ ืฉืœื™, ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื”ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช, ื‘-1819. ื”ื•ื ื›ืชื‘ ื–ืืช ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืžืžืฉืœืช ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ื˜ื‘ื—ื” 80 ืืœืฃ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื โ€“ ย ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื ืžื•ืš, ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ื ื•ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื, ืฉืจืฆื• ื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื•ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ืจื™ ื›ืžื• ื”ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ, ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื).

*

ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื›ืืŸ, ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืœืฉืขื” ืฉืื—ืจื™ ื”ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื. ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ืงืจื ืœื–ื”, ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืœ ืื• ืœืคื ื™ื•, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื‘ืจ ื›ืืŸ. ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื’ื™ืข ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ื›ืืœื”. ื›ืืœื” ื”ืŸ ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช, ืžืชื—ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื ื ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืŸ ื•ืžืขื˜ ืžืขื˜ ืžืชื—ื•ื•ืจ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืคืจื“ื™ื’ืžื” ื”ื‘ืื”. ืœืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื ืœืงื— ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืฉื ื•ืžืขืจื›ืช ืกื“ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืขืจื›ื™ื ืขื“ ืฉืคืจืฅ ื‘ืžืื” ื”-18 ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื•ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™-ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืขื•ืฉื” ื“ืจื›ื• ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฆื•ืจื”. ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ื ื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ื™ื–ื›ื• ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืื•ืชื•, ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื• ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.

ืื‘ืœ ืืชื—ื™ืœ ืžื”ืชื—ืœื”. ื›ืฉื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื‘ื ืื—ืจื™ ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื, ืžื™ื“ ื“ืžื™ื™ื ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ืกื˜ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ืฉืืจ ื›ืืŸ. ื‘ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื ืžืžื—ื™ืœื” ืชื—ืช ื”ืื“ืžื” ืœืขื•ืœื ื—ืจื‘, ื“ื•ืžื” ื›ื ืจืื” ืœืžื” ืฉืขืœื” ื’ื ื‘ืจืืฉื ืฉืœ ืขืคืจื™ ื•ื’ืœ ื›ืฉืฉืžื• ืืช ื—ืฉืจืช ื”ืขื ื ื™ื ื”ืงื•ื“ืจืช ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืžืชื ื•ืกืกืช ืžืขืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜. ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื” ื‘ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ืกื˜ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื™ืฆื ืœืขื•ืœื ืžืœื ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืžื—ื ื™ืง ื•ืขืฉืŸ, ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ื”ืœื‘ื ื™ื ื•ื˜ืžืŸ ืืช ืจืืฉื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื• ื‘ื™ื™ืื•ืฉ. ืจืืฉื• ื”ื™ื” ืžืœื ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืคื•ืืจื•ืช ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื™ื–ื ืฉืื‘ื“ ืœื• ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืœืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื™ื–ืžื•ืช. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืœื ืจืฆื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชื—ืช ืื—ืจื™ื, ื‘ื ืงื™ื ื”ื•ืœืืžื• ื•ื›ืš ื’ื ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—, ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื•ืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื•ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”. ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื•ืœืืžื• ื’ื ื”ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ื•ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื”ืžื•ืŸ.

ื›ืžื” ืจื™ื—ืžืชื™ ืขืœ ืื•ืชื• ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ืกื˜ ืื—ืจื•ืŸ, ืฉืขื™ื ื™ื• ืžืžืฆืžืฆื•ืช ืžื•ืœ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื ื›ืœื”. ื“ืžื™ื™ื ืชื™ ืื•ืชื• ืžืฉื•ื ืžื” ื‘ื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืกืžื™ืช ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืื™ืฉ ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ ืœืœื ืชืงื ื”, ืฉื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ืžืฆื ื“ืจืš ืœืชืขืœ ืืช ื“ื—ืคื™ื”ื ื”ืคืจืื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื’ืฉื•ื’. ื›ืžื• ื”ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ืกื˜ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืœืชื•ืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืœืžืฉืื‘ื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข, ื•ืฉื‘ื”ื™ื ืชืŸ ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืœื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื, ื™ื“ ื ืขืœืžื” ื•ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืชื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆืจื›ื™ื, ืชื™ืื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ืœื”ื™ืฆืข ื•ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืื—ื•ื•ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.

ืจืง ืฉื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืขืฆื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ืกื˜ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ืกื˜ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉื—ื–ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื™. ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืฉื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ. ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืขื“ ืœื”ืชืคื•ืจืจื•ืช ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื‘ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื, ืขื“ ืœื—ืจื—ื•ืจื™ ื’ืกื™ืกื” ืืœื™ืžื™ื ื•ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืขื ืง ืขื•ืœืžื™ื•ืช ื•ืœืขืœื™ื™ื” ืžื‘ืขื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ืคื™ืื•ื“ืœื™ื–ื ื“ื•ืจืกื ื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื™ืจื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช ืฉื˜ื ื™ืช. ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืขื“ ืœื”ืชื ืคืฆื•ืช ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื”ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื. ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืจื•ื—ื™ ื”ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ืกื˜ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ืœืžืขืžื“ ื—ืกืจื™ ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ. ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืกื™ื›ื•ื™, ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื™ืฆื ืžืื•ืชื” ืžื—ื™ืœื” ืœื ื™ื“ืข ื–ืืช.

ืžื•ื–ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื™ ืฉื”ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื” ืœืชืืจ ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจื•ืก ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืœื™ ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื. ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื›ืœ ย ื”ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืื ื™ ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ื”ืŸ, ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ ื”ืžืจื• ืืช ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ื•ื™ืฆืื• ื‘ืžื—ื•ืœ ืฉื“ื™ื ื ื’ื“ื™. ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื—ื” ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื‘ืข ื’ื ืžื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื ื•ืชืจ ืœื™ ืžื” ืœื”ืคืกื™ื“ ืื ื”ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื ื™ื™ืขืœื ื•ืฉื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืขืœ ื›ืš ืขื•ืจืจื” ื‘ื™ ืคืื ื™ืงื”. ื‘ืขืฆื ื ืกื—ืคืชื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื ื™ืช, ื›ื–ื• ืฉื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืขื ืง ืžื ืกื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืœืฉื•ื•ืง ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื’ืœื— ืœื”ืŸ ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช. ื”ืžื•ื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื—ืกืจื™ ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื”ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื ืจืื• ืœื™ ืœืคืชืข ืžืื™ื™ืžื™ื ืžืื•ื“, ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ืจื’ืข ื”ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื”ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ืžืื™ื™ื ืžืื•ื“.

ืžืื™ื™ื ืื‘ืœ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืฉืžืกื•ื“ืจ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื›ืœืฉื”ื™, ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™, ื“ืคื•ืงื” ื•ืขืงื•ืžื” ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืชื”ื™ื”. ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืจื•ื‘ืฆืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช: ื”ื•ื’ื™ ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ืฉื”ืื“ื ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื™ืจ ืชืฉื•ืงื•ืช ืžื’ื•ื ื•ืช, ืฉื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืจืก ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื•ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื ืชื‘ ืืช ืชืฉื•ืงื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื”ืจืกื ื™ื•ืช ืœืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืงืฉื•ืช. ืชืื•ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืฆืข ื ืจืืชื” ืœื›ืžื” ื”ื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ืžืื” ื”-18 ื›ืžื• ื“ื—ืฃ ืฉืื ื™ืจืชืžื• ืื•ืชื• ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” โ€“ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื™ื™ืฆืื• ื ืฉื›ืจื™ื ืžืžื ื•. ื›ืš ืชืื•ื•ืช ื‘ืฆืข ืขื‘ืจื” ืžื›ื‘ืกืช ืžื™ืœื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืกื‘ื” ืœืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ืขืฆืžื™, ืœืžื™ืงืกื•ื ืจื•ื•ื— ื•ืœืฆื™ืจื•ืคื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืขื“ ืฉืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืชื’ืœืชื” ื‘ื“ื™ืกืงื•ืจืก ืฉืœ ื”ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื ืืฆืœ ืžื™ืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื“ืžืŸ ื•ื’ื ืืฆืœ ื‘ืจื•ื ื™ ื”ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-90 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช.

ืœืคื™ ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ื ืื•-ืงืœืกื™ืช, ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ื›ืกืฃ, ื•ืžืื—ืจ ืฉืœืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื ืื™ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืžืชืจื—ื‘ ื‘ืœื™ ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืจื•ืฆื™ื ื›ืกืฃ ื‘ืœื™ ืกื•ืฃ. ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืคืจื“ื™ื’ืžื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื, ืชื—ื•ื ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœื›ืœื›ืœื” ื•ืœืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืžื ืกื” ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจ ื”ืžื ื™ืขื™ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื ื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื. ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ืฉืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื”ื™ื ืœืžืงืกื ืืช ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื”ื. ื›ืœ ื”ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื—ื“, ืชื—ืจื•ืช, ืชืื•ื•ืช ื‘ืฆืข ื•ืื ื•ื›ื™ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืกื‘ืจื™ื ืชื—ืช ื”ืืจื˜ื™ืคืงื˜ ื”ื–ื”, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื›ืœ ืืœื” ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื›ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื•ืช. ืืœ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื•ืขื–ืจื” ืœื–ื•ืœืช ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื—ืฉื“ื ื•ืช.

ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉื‘ืื” ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ืžื ื™ื—ื” ื›ืืœ ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืืœื™ื•. ืžืขืจื›ืช ืื—ืจืช ืชืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื›ืŸ ืžื”ื’ื“ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื‘ื ื” ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืื—ืจ, ืžืชืฉื•ืงื” ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืื—ืจืช, ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™. ื•ืื– ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืœื” ืื™ืคื” ื”ืชืฉื•ืงื” ืฉืœื™ ื ืžืฆืืช. ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื ื‘ื›ืกืฃ ืื• ื‘ืฆื‘ื™ืจืช ืจื›ื•ืฉ ืื• ื‘ืžื™ืงืกื•ื ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื™. ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื•ืฉื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœื™ ื‘ื–ื”, ื”ืขื‘ืจืชื™ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ ืืช ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื, ืฉืœื ื•, ืฉื ื’ื–ืจ ืžืชื•ืš ืชืฉื•ืงื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืชืจื—ื™ืฉื™ื ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื. ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ื•ื•ื” ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ ืฉืฉืœื•ื— ื›ื—ืฅ ืืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“, ื•ืฉืืœื™ื• ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื. ื”ื ื™ืžืฆืื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžืฉื—ืง ื”ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ ืžื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืื• ื›ื™ ื™ื™ืคืœื˜ื• ืžืชื•ื›ื•.

 

DIGITAL CAMERA

ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื‘ืจืช ื ื•ื•ื“ื™ื ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ืช. ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืžื–ื” ื›ืฉืžืชืืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื. ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืœื ื•. ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื”ื™ืฉื ื” ื”ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื, ืœื ื™ื›ืœื” ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื“ื™ืจื” ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื™ื›ืœื” ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื’ื•ืจื™ ืงื‘ืข. ืื™ืŸ ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื•ื”ื’ื ื” ืœืฉื•ื›ืจื™ื ื›ืš ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ื•ื“ื™ื. ืื ื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืžืขืžื“ื™ ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื™ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื–ืืช, ื‘ืžืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ื™ืฉื ื” ืœื—ื“ืฉื”, ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื•ื•ื“ื™ื ืœื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืงื‘ืข. ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ืžืขืžื“ื™ื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ืื•ืชื” ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืจ ืื—ื“. ื–ื”ื• ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืžื”ื•ืชื™ ื•ืขืชื™ืง ื•ืžื•ื‘ืœื˜ ื’ื ื‘ืชื ”ืš ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืงื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื‘ืœ ืœืžืฉืœ; ื ื’ื–ืจื• ืžืžื ื• ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืื•ืคื™ ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื™ืขื“ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื•ื’ื•ืจืœ ืื—ืจ.

ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื”ื ื•ื•ื“ื™ืช ืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืžื‘ื˜ ืžื ื•ื›ืจ ื›ืœืคื™ ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื•ื›ืœืคื™ ืื•ืคื ื™ ื”ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœืœ. ื”ื™ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ื’ื ืžื‘ื˜ ืžืคื•ื›ื— ืืœ ื”ืชืงื•ื•ืช ื•ื”ื›ืžื™ื”ื•ืช ืœืžื’ื•ืจื™ ืงื‘ืข ื•ืœื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœืžืžืฉ ืื•ืชืŸ. ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื”ื™ืฉื ื” ืฆื‘ื™ืจืช ื”ื•ืŸ ืžืกื•ืžื ืช ื›ื”ืฆืœื—ื”, ื”ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืกื•ืžื ืช ื›ื”ืฆืœื—ื”, ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืžืกื•ืžืŸ ื›ื”ืฆืœื—ื”. ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื ื•ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื–ืืช. ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆืืช ืžื”ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื•ืœืกืคืง ืืช ื”ื™ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื•ืฆื‘ื™ืจืชื•, ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืžืกืžื ืช ืืช ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ. ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ื›ืขืช ืื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื™ืฆืจื ื™ืช ืื• ืœื โ€“ ื”ืืชื•ืก ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื”ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ ื•ื ืชืืžืฅ ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืขืžื“ ื”ื ื›ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืงื‘ืข. ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช ืื’ื‘ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืงื‘ืข ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ โ€“ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื™ ื‘ื™ืช.

ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื ื›ืŸ ื›ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืชื ื•ืขื” ืœื™ื ืืจื™ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ืฉืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืžื”ืืจืขื™ ืืœ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข ื•ืื– ืืœ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื›ื–ื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžืฆื‘ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื”ื‘ื โ€“ ื”ื™ื ืฉืงืจ ื’ืก. ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื›ืžื” ืžื•ื‘ืœืขื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ืฉืŸ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื™ื ื” ืžืงื™ื™ืžืช ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื โ€“ ืื•ืชื ื•. ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉืžืฉื•ืœื ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืื‘ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื›ืœ ืื“ื, ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื ืขืฉื” ื–ื•ืœ ื•ืžื’ื•ื—ืš. ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ืื“ื ื ืชื‘ืข ืœืฉืœื ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืฉืขืจื•ืจื™ื™ืชื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ื˜ืžืขื•ืชื• ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ โ€“ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื•ื ืคืฉื™ืช.

ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื–ื” ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื›ืจื ื• ืื•ืชื” ื ืขืœืžืช. ื”ื™ื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืฆืช ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื•ื‘ื˜ืœื™ื, ืžืคื•ื˜ืจื™ื ื•ืžื•ืฉืœื›ื™ื ืžืžื ื” ืžืจื’ืข ืœืจื’ืข ื•ื‘ืฉืจื™ืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช. ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืจืื™ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ื ื” ืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ื”ื•ื•ื” ืื• ืขืชื™ื“ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื• ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืช ื–ื”. ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžื—ื–ืงืช ืืช ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื ื•ื•ื“ื•ืช. ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช โ€“ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืืžื•ืจื” ืœืกืคืง ื›ืกืฃ ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื” ื”ืืจืขื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืงื•ืจืช ื’ื’, ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ืฆืจื›ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื‘ื™ื’ื•ื“, ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื ืคืฉื™ ืœืืœื” ืฉืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื•. ื–ื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืœืชื ืื™ ื”ืžื—ื™ื™ื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื.

ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืžืคืจื ืกืช ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช. ื–ื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื” ืฉื•ืง ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ืฉืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืœื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ. ื–ื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•, ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ื ืฉืžื”, ื”ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ ืœืฉืžื• ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœืขื•ืœื ืื• ื‘ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื”ื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ืฉืื•ืชื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื. ื–ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืฉื™ืจื”, ืคืจื•ื–ื”, ื”ืขืœืืช ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ื•ืงืจื™ืื”. ื–ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ืช ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื™ืช ืื• ืขืฆืžืื™ืช, ื ื’ื™ื ื” ื•ื–ืžืจื”, ื–ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืžื ื•ืช ืžื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ ืฉื”ื•ื. ื–ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช, ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช, ื”ื•ืจืื” ืื• ื”ื•ืจื•ืช. ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืฉื”ืŸ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืคืจื ืก ืื•ืชื ื•, ื”ืŸ ืœื ืžืฉืชืœืžื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืืœื ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื—ืจื™ื’ื™ื ื•ื‘ืจื™ ืžื–ืœ, ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืขืฉื” ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื” ื•ื›ื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช.

ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื–ื• ื””ืงืจื™ื™ืจื”” ืฉืœื ื•; ืฉืœื ื›ืžื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ืฉืŸ ื””ืงืจื™ื™ืจื”” ืฉืœื ื• ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืœื ืžื›ื ื™ืกื” ื›ืกืฃ ื•ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื‘ื” ื›ืœืœ ืœื ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืชื’ืžื•ืœื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื. ืฉืœื ื›ืžื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ืฉืŸ (ืืœื ืื ื ื•ืœื“ื ื• ืœืžืขืžื“ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ) ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื”” ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืื—ืช ืœืคื—ื•ืช, ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ืฉื›ืจ, ืžื”ื–ืŸ ืฉืชื•ืืจ ืœืžืขืœื”. ืื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช, ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ืฉืŸ, ื”ืคืจื ืกื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ืฉืœื ื• โ€“ ืืš ื›ื–ื” ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื™ืคื˜ืจ ืžืžื ื•.

ืื ื›ื›ื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ืฆืจื ื™ื™ื ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉืœื ื• ื ื•ืคืœ ื•ืžืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ ืžื•ืœ ืชืฉื•ืงื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•. ืื ื”ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ืฉืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœืžืงืกื ืืช ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ืš ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืงืฉื”, ื”ืจื™ ื”ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืืœื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื• (ืื ืœืžื•ืฉื’ ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืืœื™ ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื•) ื”ื•ื ืœืžืงืกื ืืช ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ืœื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœื™ื“ื™ ืžื™ืฆื•ื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื–ื”ื™ื ื›ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืžืกืคืง. ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื›ืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืฉื”ื™ื ืื™ื ื” ื›ืœื™ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืขืฆืžื™ ืื• ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื•ื ืงืจื˜ื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ืชื ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื ืื™ื ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžืกืคื™ืง. ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืฉืื ื™ ืžืชืืจืช ื›ืืŸ ืžื‘ื ื” ื ืคืฉื™ ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžื–ื” ืฉืžื ื™ื—ื” ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื”. ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ืื” ืชืฆื˜ืจืš ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื ืคืฉื™ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ืกื“ื™.

ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื”ื ื•ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื, ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ, ืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ืืกืชื˜ื™ืงื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช. ืœืžืฉืœ ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ืขืฉืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื–ืืช ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ ืืจื™ืง ื’ืœืกื ืจ, ื”ื•ื ืจื™ืืงืฆื™ื” ืœืฉื•ืง ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ืกื˜ื™. ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื–ื”ื• ื’ื ืกืžืžืŸ ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื ื•ื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ืžืชืคืชื—ืช. ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ื™ื ื›ืœื™ ืืžื ื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื ื•ื•ื“ื™ื ื ืคืฉื™ื™ื ืื• ื ื•ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™. ืฉื™ืจื” ืœื ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ืืžืฆืขื™ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉืื—ืจืช ื”ื™ื• ื›ื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ืฉื ื” ื”ืžืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ืช, ื•ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืขื‘ืจืช ื‘ืขืœ ืคื” ื•ื‘ืงืฆืจื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื. ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื’ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ื–ืงืŸ ืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ื–ื” ืฉื”ืŸ ืกื•ื‘ื‘ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืžื‘ืขื™ื ื”ืืกืชื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ื•ื ื•ืชื ื•ืช ืœื”ื ืชื•ืงืฃ ื•ื”ืขืจื›ื”. ืœื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืžืฉื•ืจืจื•ืช ื•ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื ืฉืื—ืจื™ ื”ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื. ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžื‘ืขื™ื ืืกืชื˜ื™ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืœื ื•ื•ื“ื™ื: ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ืจื’ืข ืขืœ ื‘ื’ื“ื™ ื™ื“ ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ืจื”ื™ื˜ื™ื ื™ืฉื ื™ื. ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ, ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืงืฉืจ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืืกืชื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉื‘ื” ืžืจื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื•ืžืžืขื˜ื™ื ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ. ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื—ื” ื›ืฉืืœื” ืคืชื•ื—ื” ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื“ ื”ืคืชื•ื— ื•ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื ื•ื•ื“ื•ืช ื•ื›ืžืฆื‘ ืืกืชื˜ื™; ื”ืื ื”ืคืก ื”ืจื—ื‘ ื”ื•ื ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืงื‘ืข ืฉืœื ื• ืื• ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื” ื ื•ื•ื“ื™ืช ืžืกื•ื’ ืื—ืจ, ืื™ืœื• ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืืกืชื˜ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ, ื”ืื ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืžื›ืœื™ื•ื ื• ื•ื‘ืื™ืœื• ืชื ืื™ื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”?

 

Corto Maltese

i-viaggi-di-corto-maltese

On the blue summer evenings, I shall go down the paths,
Getting pricked by the corn, crushing the short grass:
In a dream I shall feel its coolness on my feet.
I shall let the wind bathe my bare head.

I shall not speak, I shall think about nothing:
But endless love will mount in my soul;
And I shall travel far, very far, like a gipsy,
Through the countryside โ€“ as happy as if I were with a woman.

Arthur Rimbaud

Par les soirs bleus dโ€™รฉtรฉ, jโ€™irai dans les sentiers,
Picotรฉ par les blรฉs, fouler lโ€™herbe menue :
Rรชveur, jโ€™en sentirai la fraรฎcheur ร  mes pieds.
Je laisserai le vent baigner ma tรชte nue.

Je ne parlerai pas, je ne penserai rien,
Mais lโ€™amour infini me montera dans lโ€™รขme ;
Et jโ€™irai loin, bien loin, comme un bohรฉmien,
Par la Nature, heureux- comme avec une femme.

Arthur Rimbaud

Eternity

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Painting from Emile BETSELLERE

โ€œOur leaders strain every nerve and with success, to get the next war going, while the rest of us, meanwhile, dance the fox trot, earn money and eat chocolates…And perhaps…it has always been the same and always will be, and what is called history at school, and all we learn by heart there about heroes and geniuses and great deeds and fine emotions, is all nothing but a swindle invented by the schoolmasters for educational reasons to keep children occupied for a given number of years. It has always been so and always will be. Time and the world, money and power belong to the small people and shallow people. To the rest, to the real men belongs nothing…eternity…it isn’t fame. Fame exists in that sense only for the schoolmasters. No, it isn’t fame. It is what I call eternity…The music of Mozart belongs there and the poetry of your great poets. The saints, too, belong there, who have worked wonders and suffered martyrdom and given a great example to men. But the image of every true act, the strength of every true feeling, belongs to eternity just as much, even though no one knows of it or sees it or records it or hands it down to posterity. In eternity there is no posterity…It is the kingdom on the other side of time and appearances. It is there we belong. There is our home. It is that which our heart strives for…And we have no one to guide us. Our only guide is our homesickness.โ€

Hermann Hesse